Eastern Nevada’s prehistoric rock art and historic mining sites have been extensively documented and researched over the years – so what’s the point of this project? To test whether new documentation techniques, collectively referred to as 3D documentation, would be useful in the recording, preservation, and interpretation of archaeology in Lincoln County.
We designed a pilot project to document a sample of previously recorded archaeological features using the latest 3D documentation techniques. This is the first step in evaluating the applicability and usefulness of these techniques under the following hypotheses:
The project sample contains features from three archaeological sites in the Basin and Range National Monument: rock art at two prehistoric sites (one located in a steep, rocky canyon and the other situated on a heavily traveled road), and mining structures at a historic silver mining site. If this pilot project suggests 3D documentation techniques are indeed a useful approach to add to the preservation toolbox for the Monument, additional work on more site types should follow.
This website hosts all of the 3D "interpretive objects" produced by the pilot project, along with supplemental 2D background information like conventional photographs, sketches, and descriptions. It uses a customized version of Arches, a web database platform designed specifically to inventory cultural resources and facilitate online interaction. Thanks to its flexible structure and open-source nature, the Basin and Range National Monument 3D Documentation Pilot Study website allows the future addition of new interpretive objects, background material, and other data as they become available.
This pilot project utilized three different 3D documentation techniques: LiDAR, photogrammetry, and 360 degree virtual tours. LiDAR technology was used to capture the overall sites, including the structures, topography, and natural context of boulders and vegetation. Photogrammetry was used to capture the more detailed and smaller scale rock art panel features. Taking 360 degree photographs enabled the creation of panoramic "virtual tours" to help convey the feeling of standing in each site.
LiDAR involves the use of a laser scanner, which sends out a controlled laser beam that rapidly measures objects. Every time the laser hits an object, a signal is sent back to the machine, ultimately recording the surface of the object. A laser scanner can collect up to 50,000 measurement points per second. Often 360 degree photographs are taken at the same location of a laser scan, so that accurate color values can be attached to the 3D data.
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Photogrammetry is the practice of using 2D photographs to create 3D digital models. A standard camera, but for this project a digital SLR camera, takes several photos of a subject, making sure each photo contains overlapping information, as well as photos from several different vantage points. These photos are then uploaded to a specific software that identifies the overlapping data and ultimately stitches all of the photos together, creating a 3D digital model. In order to scale the 3D digital model, scales were included in the photos.
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In an effort to capture the context of the three Archeological sites, 360 degree photography was taken throughout the sites. These 360 degree photographs create panoramic images, that when viewed using specific software, allows a viewer to pan-around 360 degrees, as if standing at the site. For this project, the 360 degree views were assembled together creating virtual tours of the site.
Established in 1867 as the mill site for the Crescent Silver Mining Company, Crescent City was part of the Pahranagat Mining District – one of the earliest mining districts in eastern Nevada.
The community was small and short-lived because the nearby mines did not produce enough ore to be profitable, but it did have a permanent population of mine and mill workers who built their own residences near their workplaces. A successor company, the Alameda Silver Mining Company, dismantled the mill and moved it to another, presumably more promising, location around 1873. This marked the end of Crescent City, except for several small resurgences in the early 20th century which did not result in long-term occupations.
The Basin and Range National Monument 3D Documentation Pilot Project documented two surviving architectural resources at Crescent City: the tall brick chimney of the departed stamp mill, and a stone cabin constructed by an unknown resident. These features were chosen for the pilot project because they have a great deal of interpretive value – they not only illustrate the vernacular architecture of mining, but reflect the substantial (and sometimes ill-advised) investment of capital and optimism which strongly influenced the development of Lincoln County during the late 19th century.
This highly visible prehistoric site lies within the Mt. Irish Archaeological District and contains 82 rock art panels of the Basin and Range tradition on the boulders and bedrock of a prominent tuff outcrop next to a heavily traveled county road.
The site’s panels (all petroglyphs) are representative of the Basin and Range tradition, which dates from 8,000 BP to the contact period. Their motifs include anthropomorphs, zoomorphs, and abstract designs like circles, spirals, rows of dots, ladder-like designs, rectangles with internal decoration, rake-like designs, meanders, arcs, and lines. Several circles are bisected by a vertical line, possibly a schematic portrayal of atlatls that would indicate a Middle to early Late Archaic date (ca. 3,000 to 1,000 BP) for some of the site’s rock art. Scratched graffiti dating from the 1940s to the present is a testimony to the fragility of the site and the ongoing threat of vandalism. Natural exfoliation of the outcrop has also damaged the site’s rock art.
The Basin and Range National Monument 3D Documentation Pilot Project documented a selection of rock art panels at Paiute Rocks, chosen to illustrate the range of conditions at the site and to take a “snapshot in time” to fully document current conditions and help inform potential repair and restoration work in the future. The project also documented the site’s entire outcrop at a lower resolution in order to capture the larger setting and context of the rock art panels.
This large, complex prehistoric site lies within the Shooting Gallery Archaeological District and contains over 70 rock art panels, including both petroglyphs and pictographs, on the rocky slopes of a narrow canyon opening to the northeast.
The site’s panels include both petroglyphs and pictographs which are primarily representative of the Basin and Range tradition, and are notable for their range of motifs and, in some cases, their densely packed designs. One panel features an unusual combination of techniques, with red pigment in-filling a concentric circle petroglyphic motif. Several Pahranagat-style anthropomorphs are also present, and one anthropomorph type may be Fremont in style. One of the Pahranagat anthropomorphs appears to hold an atlatl-like object, which may indicate a Middle to early Late Archaic age range (ca. 3,000 to 1,000 BP). Red Pigment Canyon/Shooting Gallery III is difficult to access, requiring a short hike in from the nearest road, and the panels in the upper part of the canyon require some scrambling to access.
The Basin and Range National Monument 3D Documentation Pilot Project documented a selection of rock art panels at Red Pigment Canyon/Shooting Gallery III, as well as the general setting of the canyon to capture the context of the panels. Because this site is remote and difficult to access, it is a good candidate for viewing and interpretation through online “virtual site access.”
The Bureau of Land Management administers the Lincoln County Archaeological Initiative (LCAI) to support archaeological projects in Lincoln County and to carry out the archaeological provisions of the Lincoln County Land Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-298) and the Lincoln County Conservation, Recreation, Development Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-424). Projects funded by the LCAI focus on the inventory, evaluation, protection, and management of unique archaeological resources in Lincoln County, NV. Projects must be within Lincoln County and address specific priorities.
Ely District Office
702 N. Industrial Way
Ely, NV 89301
Caliente Field Office
PO Box 237
1400 S. Front Street
Caliente, NV 89008
Robert "Jake" Hickerson
Archaeologist, LCAI Project Manager
775-726-8100
The Basin and Range National Monument 3D Documentation Pilot Study team was led by Architectural Resources Group. The Center of Preservation Research at the University of Colorado, Denver completed the 3D data collection. G2 Archaeology and the Nevada Rock Art Foundation selected the sample sites and features, and provided project support. All work was overseen by the Bureau of Land Management.
This website was built using Arches, an open source GIS-enabled data management system for built heritage. Legion GIS led the development, customization, and data modeling of the Arches site with assistance from Coherit Associates LLC. The project's source code is freely available on GitHub and is using Arches version 6.1. The project's source code was based on the Arches package developed by Global Digital Heritage.
